The Global Property Guide looks at inheritance from two angles: taxation, and what inheritance laws apply to foreigners leaving property in Tunisia: what restrictions there are and whether making a will is advisable.

INHERITANCE TAX

Inheritance tax is levied on the transfer of Tunisian real estate property through inheritance. The tax is levied at varying rates; depending on the relationship of the heir to the deceased.

INHERITANCE TAX
RELATIONSHIP TO THE DESEASED	TAX RATE
Direct descendants and spouse	2.5%
Siblings	5%
Aunts, uncles, cousins	25%
Other relatives and individuals	35%
Source: Global Property Guide

Certain assets are wholly or partially exempt from inheritance tax. Transfers of the principal residence of the deceased to a spouse or direct descendant are not taxed provided that the property area is 1,000 sq. m. or less.

Heirs and beneficiaries can claim the following allowances:

• TND5,000 (US$2,500) for the spouse, each living child or direct descendant, and each parent; maximum total allowance of TND30,000 (US$15,000)
• TND10,000 (US$5,000) for each handicapped person

If the deceased is a non-Muslim foreigner, the law of the country of the deceased applies. Heirs are asked to get a confirmation from their respective embassies stating what the norm is. If the deceased has not left a will and the country of origin requires a will, the decision on how to divide the estate between all the heirs is decided by the local authority where the property is situated.

Gift Tax

Gift tax is imposed at the same rates as inheritance tax. Gifts or donations to spouses and to direct descendants are subject to a fixed rate of TND15 (US$8) per deed of donation.

INHERITANCE LAW

Thanks to Mili & Associates

What inheritance laws apply in Tunisia?

The principal laws which apply to inheritance issues of foreigners are:

• Decree of 13 Aug.1956, promulgating the "code du statut personnel ".(Inheritance law).
• Law n° 98-97 of 27 Nov.1998, promulgating the "code de droit international privé" (Tunisian international private law) which states that inheritance is governed by the law of the deceased´s nationality.
• Decree of 4 June 1957, requiring the administration to authorize the ownership of property in Tunisia by a foreigner; completed by law 2005-40 of 11 May 2005: if a foreigner invests in a manufacturing or services company in Tunisia, which is governed by the investment incentives code (Law n°93-120 of 27 Dec.1993) then he/she is exempted from administrative authorization.
• Law n°5-1964 of 12 May 1964, prohibiting a foreigner to own or purchase agricultural land.

Exchange and commercial relationships between Tunisia and foreigners are governed by:

• Law n° 76-18 of 21 Jan.1976, promulgating the "code des changes et du commerce extérieur´´ (modified by the law n°93-48 of 3 May 1993).
• Decree n°77-608 of 27 July 1977, and related law 76-18 (modified between 1987-2006) requiring the Tunisian Central Bank to authorize the acquistion of property by a foreigner, with an express exemption for inheritance.

The applicable law for inheritance is that of the deceased´s nationality.

If the foreigners´ national law states that, for inheritance issues, the relevant law is that of the country where the inherited property is located, then Tunisian Law applies.

A non-Muslim may probably not inherit from a Muslim

As a general principle, Tunisian laws, when applicable, apply to all Tunisian citizens, irrespective of religion. Article 174 of "code du statut personnel" expressly states that a legacy is valid irrespective of the religions of the testator and beneficiaries. Article 175 states that a legacy which benefits a foreigner is valid under the condition of reciprocity. However, the Court of Sousse decided in 1968 that a non-Muslim may not inherit from a Muslim. This decision was the ruling judicial precedent until Jan. 2007, when the First Degree Court of Tunis decided the contrary, i.e. that Tunisian law does not provide for religious discrimination. This decision has been appealed, but it may take a few years to reach final decision.

Foreigners who cannot legally own Tunisian property may be compensated by the State.

A foreigner may own property in Tunisia; however he/she needs administrative authorization to buy or sell property in a non agricultural zone. Such authorization is rarely refused. An agricultural estate or residence located in a non-agricultural zone may not be owned by a foreigner.

If an inheritor cannot, by law, own property in Tunisia (for example, perhaps he/she belongs to a nationality for which Tunisia does not have reciprocal property-owning arrangements) then no special Tunisian law is applicable. When a foreigner cannot be an inheritor, he/she does not have the rights of a proprietor, and cannot even sell the property. The solution would be compensation from the Tunisian State, which becomes the proprietor instead of the foreigner.

The Civil Court near the location of the property is competent to handle inheritance issues. Decisions about non-resident foreigners´ property may take a long time to conclude in the Civil Court, even 6 or 8 years in the event of a recourse to the Appeal Court, then the Supreme Court, with a return to the Appeal court, and so on.

A reserved portion applies in Tunisian law

When inheritance follows Tunisian law, the reserved portion is expressed in terms of proportions (or ratios) of the total inheritance to which certain family members are entitled. This proportion varies according to the number of inheritors of the same degree, and also depends on whether there are inheritors of different degrees. In this case one inheritor may lose his rights. The inheritors who ´displace´ those who would otherwise receive an inheritance are indicated in the right hand column, below

If the sum total of the inheritors´ entitlements adds up to more than 1, then the inheritance is shared between inheritors in proportion to their respective ratios.

INHERITOR	RATIO	CONDITIONS	FAMILY MEMBERS WHO AUTOMATICALLY INHERIT INSTEAD OF THOSE IN THE FIRST COLUMN, IF THEY ARE ALIVE
MALE:
1. Father	1/6	The father inherits a 1/6th portion only if the deceased has children, and/or grand-children from his son´s side
2. Father´s side grandfather	1/3	The grandfather on the father´s side inherits a 1/3rd portion if the proper inheritor is the brother, and 1/3 constitutes the more important ratio allowed to him.	Father
	1/6	The grandfather on the father´s side inherits a 1/6th portion, if descendants of the deceased or his son no father of the deceased.
3-Uterine brothers	1/3	Uterine brothers collectively inherit a 1/3 share, if there are more than two uterine brothers, and the father of the deceased is not living, and there is no living descendant of the deceased, nor descendant of a son of the deceased.	Son or grandson Daughter Grand-daughter (son´s side) Father or grandfather
	1/6	A sole uterine brother inherits a 1/6th share, if the deceased has no living father, grandfather, children, or son´s descendants.
4- Husband	1/2	A husband inherits a ¼ share, if there his spouse has descendants who are in a position to inherit.
	1/4	A husband inherits a ¼ share, if there his spouse has descendants who are in a position to inherit.
FEMALE:
1-Mother	1/3	The mother inherits a 1/3rd share, if the deceased has no descendants, and has only one brother, or no brothers.
	1/6	The mother inherits a 1/6th share, if the deceased had children, or grandsons from son´s side, or two or more inheriting brothers.
2- Grandmother (GM)	1/6	The grandmother inherits 1/6th, if she is the only living grandmother, on either the father´s or mother´s side. If there are two grandmothers, they share the 1/6th if they are in the same degree, or if the mother´s side GM has a higher degree. If the grandmother on the mother´s side has a degree more close, she takes a 1/6th share for herself.	For Father´s side GM: the father or the mother For mother´s side GM : the mother.
3- Daughter	1/2	Inherits 1/2, if she is the sole descendant
	2/3	If there are two or more daughters, and the deceased had no male descendant, collectively they inherit this.
4- Grand daughter (son´s side)	1/2	A granddaughter inherits 1/2, if she is the sole descendant.
	2/3	Two or more granddaughters on the son´s side would collectively inherit 2/3rds, if they are sole descendants of the deceased.
	1/6	If she has a sole daughter of the deceased, and there is no grand son of the deceased from the son´s side.
5- Full sister	1/2	The sister inherits ½, if there is no living father, and no living descendants of the deceased, or descendants of the son or full brother.	Father Son
	2/3	Two full sisters could collectively inherit a 2/3rds share, if they are sole descendants of the deceased.	Grandson(son´s side)
6- Consanguine sister (father´s side)	2/3	Two consanguine sisters would collectively inherit a 2/3rds share, when they are sole descendants of the deceased.	Father, son, grandson and his son, full father, full sister.
	1/6	A sole full sister of the deceased would inherit 1/6th, if there is no father or descendants of the deceased, and no consanguine brothers of the deceased.	Father, son, grandson and his son, full father, full sister.
7-Uterine sister (mother´s side)	1/3	If more than 2 sisters, and no father, no descendants, and no descendant of son of deceased.	Son or grandson
	1/6	If sole sister of the deceased and there is no father, grandfather, children, or son´s descendants.	Daughter Grand-daughter (son´s side) Father or grand father
8- Spouse	1/4	With no inheriting descendants of husband.
	1/8	With inheriting descendants of husband.

A will is sometimes made in Tunisia, but this is unusual.

A will made abroad following foreign formalities is valid in Tunisia. The will must be written and signed by the testator in the presence of a civil officer (i.e. notary or municipality) to certify its authenticity. The signature of the civil officer must be certified by the ministry of justice of the state, the foreign affairs ministry, and the Tunisian Embassy of the country where the will is made. However, after death, a will made abroad may lead to conflicts between the beneficiaries and third parties concerning the applicable inheritance laws for the execution of the will.

To avoid conflicts, it may be advisable to make a will in Tunisia. The will requires the presence of the testator in Tunisia, and it must be signed near two notaries or other civil officers who can certify the signature of the testator.

According to Tunisian law a will may not apply to more than 1/3 of the total inheritance, and may not benefit the legal inheritors of the reserved portion or residue. A will which applies to more than 1/3 of the heritage may, however, be executed with the consent of all the legal inheritors.

In the absence of a will, Tunisian law, if applicable to a foreigner, provides for a mandatory legacy. The deceased´s grandparent is legally reputed to have made a legacy for the benefit of his/her grand children when their father/mother (son or daughter of the deceased) died prior to or at the same time as the grandparent. The ratio to the father/mother of the beneficiary children, is up to 1/3 of the heritage. The mandatory legacy is not applicable if the children are legally entitled to inherit from the grandparent, or if they already have an effective legacy from the deceased, or if they have received a gift for the same value (1/3) during his/her lifetime. Otherwise the mandatory legacy is applicable for the difference. If the children have already received more than 1/3 of the legacy, the difference will be considered as a consensual legacy.

Property can be given freely by the owner to anyone, prior to death.

According to Tunisian law, there are no legal restrictions on gifts to third parties during the lifetime of the owner; however the circumstances may be challenged by the legal inheritors, who are entitled to claim that the gift was unfair to them, and was designed to thwart the legal inheritance rules. They may introduce an action to cancel the gift, but to be succesful, they must prove that the gift was made maliciously. There are no advance procedures or steps to avoid such a challenge.

Tunisian law looks at the title deeds to determine ownership of property.

All property in Tunisia must be registered at the cadastral administration under the name of the owner. To determine ownership of real property, the Civil Court looks at the title deeds. A spouse may produce documents proving that, according to applicable marriage law, he/she is the co-owner of the property in question, and he/she may request the court to order transcription of the co-property in the title deeds. If other inheritors have already sold their portion of the property to third parties, the claimant cannot oppose the third parties, who have an absolute right not to be affected by what was not registered in the title deeds.

Property may be inherited by minors.

If property, or part of it, goes on death to a child or children not of legal age, or to others not legally adult, then a guardian can be appointed in the Will. In the absence of a guardian in the Will, the guardian may be the legal tutor if he/she exists; otherwise the court may appoint a guardian.